Charlemagne Essays (3025 words) - Carolingian Dynasty,

Charlemagne Throughout history, there have been many good and bad rulers, from the bravery of Alexander the Great, to the madness of George III. None, however, helped shape European feudalism like Charlemagne, King of the Franks, First of the Holy Roman Emperors. His advancements in government were not his only advancements though. He created an educational system for his people. While far behind the public and private educational systems of today, in the 8th and 9th century, it was a start. He also helped spread Christianity throughout Europe. Born in Northern Europe in 752, he was to become one of history's great leaders, and precursor to the Holy Roman Empire. Brief History of the Line of Frankish kings. In 481, Clovis became king of one of the Frankish tribes. Because of a bet he made with his wife, he became Christian, and he forced 3,000 of his soldiers to become Christian also. This would eventually gain the support of the Catholic Church for both himself and the Franks. However, Clovis's qualities as a leader were not passed on to his sons, and on Clovis's death, his sons divided the kingdom that he worked to build. Later Merovingian kings became inept at ruling the kingdom, and eventually became kings in just name only. The business of ruling the kingdom was left to the "Mayor of the Palace". In 751, Pope Zacharias arranged for Childeric III to be sent to a monastery and for Pepin, Mayor of the Palace, to be crowned king. But, the alliance between the Papacy and the Franks would soon be tested. Aistulf, king of the Lombards, captured lands north of Rome and announced his intention to capture Rome itself. In an attempt by the Papacy to prevent this disaster, the Pope sent out to ask Pepin the Short, for his assistance in dealing with the Lombards. He would eventually defeat the Lombards in battle, and the land that was gained was given to the Catholic Church, in the Donation of Pepin which created the Papal States. Birth and Parentage, and Childhood Charles I, or Charlemagne was born in 742. He was the son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada. Little is known about his childhood, other than the fact that he liked riding horses and hunting. He attempted to learn how to write, but was unsuccessful. He did however learn how to speak fluently in Latin, despite his attempt at learning how to write. Charlemagne's roots can be traced back to Ansegis, Mayor of Austrasia and Begga. His most famous ancestors however, were his father and grandfather, Pepin the Short and Charles Martel, respectively. After the death of Pepin the Short, Charlemagne and his brother Carloman were proclaimed kings by their supporting nobles, and were anointed by their respective bishops. Military Successes During his life In 769, Aquitaine and Gascony broke into rebellion. Charlemagne was forced to try to crush these rebellions without his brother's assistance. Charlemagne marched his army through Bordeaux and defeated the rebel leader, Hunold. Duke Hunold was to flee to the protection of Lupus, Duke of the Gascons. But Duke Lupus agreed to give up Duke Hunold to Charlemagne, and was granted peace. Hunold was not executed, but was returned to monastic alive. After the reconquest of Aquitaine, his mother tried to get Charlemagne to reconcile with his brother, but he was already making treaties with rulers that surrounded Carloman's kingdom. To try and seal the peace with Lombardy, he married the daughter of the king of Lombardy, Desiderata. Pope Stephen III did not like this marriage, for they encouraged Frankish kings to weaken the power of the Lombards, whose territories bordered upon it's own. He then made an alliance with her father, Desiderius, which made the Pope give up his objections to the marriage. However, after one year, Charlemagne divorced his wife and married Hildegarde, a Suabian noblewoman. In 771, there was a fear that Carloman, Charlemagne's brother, and Desiderata would create an alliance and attack Charlemagne, but in December of that year, Carloman died, leaving Charlemagne in complete control of the Frankish Kingdom. In 772, Charlemage led an army into Saxony, in his first attempt to conquer the region. He then destroyed the Irminsul, a sacred temple and tree grove worshipped by all Saxony. He could have continued his invasion, but winter prevented it, and when he reconvened his army in 773, Charlemagne had changed his mind and had decided to attack Lombardy. His army marched from Geneva toward Lombardy. Charlemagne's army was spilt into two groups, one commanded by him

Emiratization As A Form Of Affirmative Action Management Essay Essay Example

Emiratization As A Form Of Affirmative Action Management Essay Essay Example Emiratization As A Form Of Affirmative Action Management Essay Paper Emiratization As A Form Of Affirmative Action Management Essay Paper Emiratization is the procedure of nationalising the work force in the United Arab Emirates. In fact, it can either efficaciously be used to reassign cognition to the subjects to take ownership of work being carried out, or abused when subjects are put in places they can non win in, or when they are non offered the necessary training/mentoring to win, in the state s effort to capitalise on its local human resources. Purpose of Emiratization Emiratization is one of the greatest challenges confronting the United Arab Emiratesaˆ’ the emergent state. The schemes of the plan purpose at increasing the per centum of subjects in federal and governmental establishments, even in the private sector to some extent, to lend in heightening feasible societal and economic stableness by depending on national human capital. Besides, it works on heightening local endowments and accomplishments to run into the present and future demands that will ease in developing the state. The governments believe that in the early 1970s, the state of affairs demanded trust on skilled aliens and experient work force due to the little population among local human resources and the demands of ambitious development programs of the state. The big figure of exiles help the Emiratis by devouring, buying, leasing many resources and services ; thereby exciting the local economic system. On the other manus, the state s trust has resulted in exiles remi tting high per centums of their net incomes ; in fact, the entire financial transportation from the UAE was reported to be $ US 4.5 billion in 2002, tantamount to the national budget shortage for that twelvemonth ( Davidson 2005 ) , excepting transportations that did non necessitate the usage of Bankss or other official money-transferring bureaus. Therefore, the natural rating and development of the local endowments makes the authorities put in topographic point programs to carry through its societal duties towards the UAE community. Exiles presently hold about 98 % of occupations in the private sector and 91 % of places in the authorities ( Al Ali 2008 ) . Therefore, in every workplace Emiratis are in a little minority compared to other nationalities. This research aims to foreground the contradiction between theoretical committedness to Emiratization, and realistic patterns impeding the materialisation of a national scheme geared by awful fright of divergency and drifting off against the fleet flow of globalisation. Barriers to Emiratization Human Capitals The first factor this paper will analyze is Human capital which can be defined as cognition, accomplishments, and abilities of an organisation s employees ( Stone 2005 ) . Education, preparation and development, and organisational battle add great value to one s competencyaˆ’ it is besides the foundation for personal and professional development, societal integrating, and economic prosperity. Education Weak instruction and hapless lingual accomplishments are factors that slow down the UAE national engagement in the work force, but the schemes of accomplishing Emiratization requires implementing great alterations and developments in instruction, which is the corner rock for any solid work. It is really easy to enforce Emiratization. We can make this any clip, but what would we derive if we did non supply our young person with the best cognition, accomplishment and expertness to commensurate with these occupations? H. H. Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice-President and Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai While the aspirations of UAE Government can be realized throughout the altering instruction system, it is hard for these aims to be achieved without quality and to the full integrated course of studies which support the values of the UAE. Possible solutions would necessitate a stronger committedness to curriculum reform, which can run into the demands of Emiratization, particularly under the influence of globalisation on different facets of life in the society of the UAE. English eloquence degrees in UAE are of major concern to Abdelkarim ( 2001 ) , whose findings on employees positions include their sensed lack of English linguistic communication direction the UAE s instruction system. In a manner, English has become the lingua franca for engineering ; hence, direction and to a certain extent trade, and eloquence doubtless affects Emiratis employability. Training and Development The significance of preparation and the creative activity of a acquisition environment have been recognized as cardinal elements to competitory replacement to the attainment of sustainable competitory advantage in the organisation ( Altman A ; IIles 1998 ; Altman and IIes cited in Saunders et Al. 2005 ) . One of the surveies indicates that 52.4 % UAE Nationals are non given well-structured efficient preparation ( Morada 2002 ) . Training and development are indispensable for continual acquisition for employees to acquire on the occupation preparation, learn from past illustrations and heighten their accomplishments. UAE subjects non merely derive practical and theoretical techniques, but besides go more effectual and efficient to the company in the hereafter which is why it is important to supply state-of-the art preparation. Organizational Battle It is suggested that when employees values are consistent with the organisation s values, it might take to more positive organisational battle. However, it could be argued that group homogeneousness may hold a positive impact on employees satisfaction through increasing their sense of designation or societal integrating within the group, but that does non needfully intend that group heterogeneousness should be ignored because it offers chance for organisations and tremendous challenge to employees every bit good. Freek ( 2004 ) argues that UAE subjects employees do non ever welcome civilization diverseness, nor do they wholly reject it. Organizational Capital Significant discrepancy in organisational value variables, i.e. organisational civilization, calling development, and wage have direct impact on Emiratis enlisting and choice activities in private and public houses in the UAE. Organizational Culture A dysfunctional civilization will most decidedly suppress an organisation s public presentation, therefore the demand for flexibleness and cognition to better public presentation, productiveness and acquisition ( Barney 1986 ; Schneider 2000 ) . There has been small survey on cultural effects on GCC states, including UAE. Abdelkarim ( 2001 ) indicates that UAE has ignored the importance of committed-based work civilization, alternatively to a great extent trusting on pecuniary wagess and top-down mechanisms to seek to battle job-hopping. Many employers in the UAE appreciated this new attack from the top, chiefly because it is in understanding with the statute law enforcing the employment of UAE subjects in all organisations. This attack fundamentally aims to maximise the instruction, preparation and entrepreneurial support available to UAE subjects, so that they can vie on a flat playing field with expatriate workers. UAE subjects strongly prefer an organisation that offers flexiblen ess, answerability and challenges within the occupation for that shows that the company is willing to give subjects a opportunity to maximise their work accomplishments through ego efficaciousness and larning from experience. Career Development Career development is critical to an organisation for it outlines employees calling way with the company for a period of clip which leads to both single growing and increasing company s input and efficiency. A common method is acquiring UAE subjects more involved in work diverseness, leting more clip for thier engagement and deriving employee authorization. Emiratis are invariably on the sentinel for calling chances and mounting the corporate ladder. Harmonizing to Freek ( 2004 ) and Al-Lamki ( 1998 ) , UAE subjects have the inclination to go forth their occupations in the private sector due to the deficiency of calling development chances and low wage degrees. When UAE subjects prove to be progressing within their occupation this is normally evidentiary through public presentation assessment which is connected to patterned advance of calling development in footings of publicities and wage. Wage Harmonizing to Lawler ( 1971 ) , one imperative result employees derive from work is their compensation. In the UAE, there is touchable grounds that dead rewards, low publicity rates and other reduced benefits are considered the chief obstructions confronting the local population. In a survey conducted by Tanmia ( 2004 ) , the UAE s National Human Resource Development and Employment Authority, of 1,300 male and female UAE subjects, it was found that the pay derived functions of UAE subjects was the major obstruction they faced when working the private sector. Social Capital The 3rd factor that straight affects Emiratization procedure is related to societal capital, which involves gender inequality. Gender Inequality The gender argument contains dimensions associating to an inauspicious place for female employees: subordination, marginalisation, and sabotaging in all GCC states every bit good as other parts of the universe. The UAE, as portion of this societal environment has similar cultural attitudes towards adult females s function in a male-dominated society. Harmonizing to Abu Dhabi Emiratization Council, the Ministry of Planning in the UAE estimates that the figure of the subjects comprises merely 10 % of the work force in the UAE. Womans make up 6.5 % of entire. Most of the adult females work in traditional Fieldss such as instruction, wellness ministry or other administrative locations. Though lawfully, there are no barriers that prevent adult females from working, still some cultural barriers and traditional society force per unit areas stand as obstructions forestalling adult females from fall ining the work force. In pattern, as reported by Tanmia ( 2005 ) , disagreements can happen given instruction, senior status and occupation descriptions, 37 % of adult females participants reported unsimilarities in wage rates. Nevertheless, wage derived functions may be attributed to the greater chances for calling development available to UAE national males, a factor in the high turnover rate for UAE females ( Adams 2003 ) . Baud and Mahgoub ( 2001 ) noted that 21 % of the adult females stated that they have experienced favoritism in occupation chances for publicity. This might be farther investigated, through systematic analysis of some documental resources available from different local beginnings, such as Ershaad, the national enlisting enterprise which is one the plans launched in 2008 ( ADSIC ) . Sample Comparative Study A reappraisal of an academic paper entitled: En Exploration into the relevancy of HRM and other critical factors toward the integrating of Gulf-Arab subjects in industries: A comparative survey between two fertiliser programs , by Younes Proctor, August 2003, show that two companies, Fertil, UAE, and GPIC, Bahrain, produce the same merchandises, ammonium hydroxide and carbamide, which are used chiefly as fertilisers. Fertil was founded in the early 80s and GPIC in 1987. Despite get downing five old ages subsequently than Fertil, GPIC rapidly achieved a localisation rate of 80 % within seven old ages i.e. 1994, while Fertil, by 2003, reached merely 30 % . The paper explores the ground for this broad spread in nationalisation rates between the two companies. A The findings of the research show that Localization of work forces at the organisation degree occurs at two degrees: the state degree consisting educational systems, authorities labour Torahs, labour market conditions, per capita incomes, demographics, and cultural attitudes associating to work. Because Bahrain has a lower per capita income, higher population denseness, and higher unemployment rates than the UAE, the pressure exerted on GPIC at the organisation degree to engage, develop, and promote locals is much greater than in the UAE. In other words, UAE citizens still have many more picks on where to work or if they are already affluent, even to work at all. A Bahrainis make non. A GPIC so invested to a great extent in preparation by puting up a preparation architecture and preparation systems, which in bend, leads to a healthy acquisition culture.A Exiles are rewarded for go throughing on their cognition to Bahrainis, and there is no fright on their portion that they will lo se their occupations if they train the Bahrainis decently. A By contrast, in Fertil, from its origin, there was no intrinsic demand to develop Emiratis becauseA good economic conditions gave them so many picks when looking for work. Hence small money was allocated to puting up the same preparation architecture, systems, and training civilization. When the author joined Fertil in 1999, there was merely one developing individual for a company of 220 people. When he left, there were merely 4 people allocated to preparation. The budget for preparation at Fertil was 1/6 the budget allocated to developing at GPIC. Recommendations and Decisions There are chiefly three ways of nearing Emiratization on a national degree and do it effectual as a signifier of affirmatory action work in UAE society in the hereafter. First, to turn to the supply and demand in the UAE labour market on the long term ( 10-20 old ages ) , set an feasible national scheme for Emiratization consequently. Second, on the short term, to concentrate on Emirati employees calling development and mark places to hold subjects supervising their national development, to contract down the broad executing spread between the demand and supply in the UAE labour force market. Furthermore, both private and public sectors should develop and implement schemes toward the keeping of UAE subjects in the workforceaˆ’ taking into consideration wages, proviso for gender separation, employee authorization and public presentation direction.

Media Bias and Propaganda in United States Essay

Media Bias and Propaganda in United States - Essay Example As such, the power that media has upon the lives of individual around the globe is dynamic and likely will increase as globalization and media integration continue to be evidenced. However, for purposes of this brief analysis, the author will not specifically focus upon the globalizing power that media has; rather, the focus will instead be upon the way in which self-censorship, bias, and seemingly uniform actions; even without overt coercion needing to be applied. As a function of seeking to understand the impact that media has on stakeholders within society, the following analysis will engage the reader with some of the most prominent ways in which media impacts the way in which people think, act, and define/constrain their lives. Through an exemplification of the way in which propaganda and bias are represented throughout the media, it is the hope of this author that the reader can come to a more profound and nuanced understanding of the way in which these very real and prescient issues impact upon the way in which society interacts with the world, defines it, and seeks to understand it. Firstly, in order to understand this uniformity of approach that so many media outlets throughout the current market exhibit, it is necessary to seek to understand the way in which media control exists within the current dynamic. Whereas it is true that television media only accounts for one way in which the individual is exposed to information, is necessarily a microcosm of media proliferation and can adequately help an individual to understand the way in which power dynamics and bias are represented with regards to the information that is consumed. Ultimately, the current television media is 90% owned by six main corporations within the United States. These corporations are as follows: GE, Newscorp, Disney, Viacomm, Time Warner, and CBS. Such a level of realization helps to denote the fact that a virtually oligarchical level of control exists over television news media. Ul timately, this level of oligarchic competition was not always exhibited. Even two decades ago, a litany of different companies owned the television news media and allowed for a great level of diversity of opinion. However, due to the fact that diversification of ownership was not maximizing profitability and reach, not to mention marketing potential, the six key firms that have been denoted previously engaged upon a definitive program of buying out the competition. Yet, before the reader comes to the assumption that television media is somehow a unique entity and therefore should be understood differently than newsprint, radio, or other forms of media, the fact of the matter is that the same level of consolidation has taken place within these industries over the past several decades. For instance, if one briefly reviews radio and considers the way in which consolidation has taken place over the past few decades, Clear Channel and a handful of other powerful media moguls have defined the way in which current radio programming is presented to the listener. By much the same token, one need not perform a high level of analysis into the newspaper industry in order to understand the fact that individual such as Rupert Murdoch and others have brazenly set out to acquire almost each and every newspaper within the United States and place it under a central banner. Although this process of